Eco's semiotic research covers five main areas, which almost give an encyclopaedic panorama of the semiotic field: (1) general semiotics, (2) semiotic philosophy of language, (3) aesthetics,(4) literary and text semiotics, and (5) semiotics of popular culture and the mass media. Many of his ideas in theoretical semiotics are reflected and fictionally transformed in his prose work: The Name of the Rose (1980, tr. 1983) and Foucault's Pendulum (1988, tr. 1989), The Island of the Day Before (1995), which are in so far semiotic novels and may be said to belong to the field of applied semiotics.